Policy Forum

AI lowers costs for both cyber defenders and attackers alike Verification automation benefits defenders, but human judgment remains crucial AI-generated impersonations challenge identity verification, favoring attackers

Hong Kong now leads the world as the premier cross-border wealth hub. Political imperatives limit full financial openness on the mainland. Transparent, stable rules are key to sustaining Hong Kong’s advantage.

Hidden AI lease obligations now surpass Big Tech’s officially reported debt levels. National security rationale protects AI infrastructure operations, not private financial stakeholders. Regulators must comprehensively map financial obligations before considering public rescue.

Fiscal dominance undermines monetary authority well beyond initial fiscal shocks. Fiscal policy decisions create persistent credibility challenges for central banks. Long-term sovereign debt yields reflect institutional trust deficits, not only economic fundamentals.

Conflict affects prices through both energy supply and weaker demand Large shocks can activate uncertainty and expectation channels Policy needs a diagnosis of the mechanism rather than a conflict label

Uncertainty about future gas supply can raise prices before deliveries fall Energy costs propagate broadly through production and household expectations Reliable supply arrangements complement rather than replace monetary policy

Chinese competitiveness combines manufacturing capability with state support Trade remedies need evidence about the distortion they address Critical-mineral dependence requires resilience as well as trade enforcement

Denmark’s AI adjustment is visible in recruitment before aggregate employment Small adopters and younger graduates show the largest relative shortfalls Monthly records reveal differences that broad exposure measures can conceal

AI growth can support debt sustainability without guaranteeing it Income composition and taxation determine the public revenue dividend Budgets must distinguish realised receipts from anticipated productivity

Exceptional AI-assisted work combines domain knowledge with causal reasoning Training and task design can develop the human contribution Entry-level opportunities are necessary to renew expert capacity The policy significance of superhuman

AI capability develops through problem definition and supervised use SIAI’s experience connects educational adoption with everyday operations Governance and accumulated evidence determine when a tool can be trusted Access to an AI sys

Stablecoin risk depends on redemption structure as well as market size A globally fungible token can face different local exit rules Cross-border safeguards must distinguish current rights from reform proposals

The Bering Strait connects Arctic shipping rivalry with continental defence US–Canadian coordination faces a persistent infrastructure challenge Chinese–Russian cooperation combines routes, resources and military reach

AI changes the balance of tasks within jobs before aggregate employment Substitution and complementarity require separate measurement Reduced hiring can weaken entry routes without increasing dismissal rates An oc

Degree duration is an incomplete indicator of educational achievement AI strengthens the case for reviewing workload and assessment Flexible pathways need credible standards for breadth and competence The expansion of three-yea

Student AI use has outpaced institutional learning design Access and faculty support require coordinated governance Assessment must reveal understanding behind assisted work Universities are no longer deciding whether generativ

Japan’s inbound success coexists with constrained outbound mobility Exchange rates and household income affect international access Education and employment policies can reduce additional barriers Ja

Export controls can constrain AI capacity without halting progress Distillation transfers capabilities through a different channel Policy evaluation must separate benchmarks, deployment and enforcement Evidence th

Flexible and migrant labour helped subsidise China’s production-led growth Household consumption cannot deepen while income and social protection remain insecure Labour reform, hukou reform and local fiscal capacity must be treated as one policy problem

Japan’s inbound tourism boom conceals a persistent decline in outward mobility The historical record points to purchasing power rather than cultural reluctance Restoring mobility requires income, education and exchange-rate policy—not cheaper passports alone