Flexible and migrant labour helped subsidise China’s production-led growth Household consumption cannot deepen while income and social protection remain insecure Labour reform, hukou reform and local fiscal capacity must be treated as one policy problem

Japan’s inbound tourism boom conceals a persistent decline in outward mobility The historical record points to purchasing power rather than cultural reluctance Restoring mobility requires income, education and exchange-rate policy—not cheaper passports alone

Meta’s settlement changes product design but still measures accounts rather than people Early evidence shows restrictions displace usage into borrowed and fabricated identities Platform risk will depend on enforceable controls, privacy costs and behavioural outcomes

Adaptive systems can widen access to consistent instructional support Evidence of higher test performance does not yet establish transferable understanding Public adoption requires independent evaluation, qualified teachers and safeguards against unequal experimentation